For the next 12 months, CRN will continue to release additional data and insights from the survey. Media are welcome to reach out to CRN in the meantime to request specific statistics. Visit www. Among those age groups, data revealed the following trends: U. Additionally, 20 percent take fiber supplements—up 2 percentage points from and 11 points from Army Soldiers and to examine demographic and lifestyle factors are associated with higher confidence in DS efficacy or safety among DS users.
We found most Soldiers were at least somewhat confident DS work as advertised and are safe to consume, that confidence in DS efficacy and safety was higher among users compared to non-users, and that users who had not experienced DS-related adverse events had higher confidence in both attributes.
Most Soldiers had limited or inaccurate knowledge of federal DS regulatory requirements. Furthermore, confidence in DS efficacy and safety was higher among users who believed government regulations require that all marketed supplements work as advertised and are safe to use.
Confidence in both DS efficacy and safety was substantially greater among regular supplement users, who make up about half the Army population.
The positive association between usage and confidence in DS is not surprising, and is consistent with other reports. For example, Blendon et al. Marketing research has shown that direct product exposure e. Thus, DS users may be more likely to believe DS work and are safe, simply because they have tried the product, even if the product is ineffective.
It is also possible that individuals with low confidence in DS are less likely to begin using the product in the first place. Individuals with healthier lifestyles are more likely to have an optimistic cognitive bias compared to those with less healthy behaviors [ 20 ], and thus may be predisposed to believe DS are efficacious and safe.
Similarly, Soldier rank correlates positively with self-confidence [ 21 ], so officers may be more likely to believe their actions are purposeful and beneficial e. Because U. Self-confident individuals may not seek out accurate product knowledge i. Most Soldiers had a limited or inaccurate understanding of the U. Of note, Soldiers were more apt to believe the government requires DS to be safe than to think the government imposes strict efficacy requirements, particularly if they used DS.
Twice as many users as non-users incorrectly believed the U. The reasons for this difference are not clear. Confidence may be influenced by the disclaimer statement required on many DS, which states that the FDA has not approved any health or structure-function efficacy claims made on the label, but says nothing about product safety.
Consumers may interpret this lack of a safety disclaimer to mean the product is not harmful see Dodge and Kaufman, [ 15 ]. Future research should investigate whether confidence varies by supplement type.
Additionally, Soldiers may have misinterpreted the questions about government regulation of DS, since even without pre-market approval requirements for efficacy and safety, there is some limited de facto regulation by the U. In addition, these strategies should also consider that DS users may already engage in health behaviors.
For example, self-reported health behaviors, including smoking, overall health, and fitness levels appeared to be related to DS use in this study. While the majority of subjects have not experienced an adverse event Taken together, these data suggest that the behavioral interventions aimed at motivated individuals who use DS in conjunction with health behaviors may best be focused on providing education on evaluating DS efficacy and safety.
This may aid individuals in making decisions regarding DS use to optimize effectiveness, while minimizing the risk of experiencing an adverse event. In this survey, respondents most frequently cited magazines, friends, and the internet data not shown as the source of their dietary supplement information, thus these sources may be a potential target of educational interventions.
In general, confidence in both attributes was higher among users compared to non-users, and among users, is positively associated with rank, education, self-perceived diet quality and fitness level, and having experienced no adverse events resulting from DS consumption. Additionally, future studies should consider surveying a matched group of civilians for comparison to Soldiers. CEC participated in the design of the study, performed preliminary statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript.
EF conducted the final statistical analyses, and contributed to data interpretation and manuscript revision. HRL conceived the study design and helped draft the manuscript.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. This work was supported by the U. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Army or the Department of Defense.
Human subjects participated after giving their free and informed voluntary consent. The investigators adhered to the policies for protection of human subjects as prescribed in Army Regulation , and the research was conducted in adherence with the provisions of 32 CFR Part Citations of commercial organizations and trade names in this report do not constitute an official Department of the Army endorsement or approval of the products or services of these organizations.
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Oct Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Christina E Carvey: lim. Received Mar 14; Accepted Oct 4. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background United States Army Soldiers regularly use dietary supplements DS to promote general health, enhance muscle strength, and increase energy, but limited scientific evidence supports the use of many DS for these benefits.
Methods Between and , Soldiers were surveyed at 11 Army bases world-wide to assess their confidence in the effectiveness and safety of DS, knowledge of federal DS regulations, demographic characteristics, lifestyle-behaviors and DS use. Conclusions Despite limited scientific evidence supporting the purported benefits and safety of many popular DS, most Soldiers were confident that DS are effective and safe. Scientists say it may help lower blood sugar levels. The main active factor in Garcinia cambogia is hydroxycitric acid, which stimulates the body to burn fat for energy.
The antioxidant benefits of green tea are well documented. It contains a gentle amount of caffeine, which is thermogenic and helps tamp down appetite. And it's also full of compounds that are believed by some to increase the levels of hormones that tell your cells to break down fat.
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Scientists have discovered that raspberry ketones help mice break down fat, control blood sugar levels, and regulate their metabolism. Orlistat is a prescription drug in most of the world, but it is sold over the counter as Alli in the US and UK.
It is intended to treat obesity in conjunction with a doctor-supervised low-calorie diet. Orlistat decreases the amount of fat that people can absorb after eating.
In your intestines, an enzyme called lipase is responsible for breaking down fat. Orlistat blocks the action of lipase so your body can't store the fat, passing it on through the digestive system instead. Orlistat also reduces blood pressure and appears to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. Side effects may include soft stools and gassiness. Contrave is a combination of two established medicines—naltrexone and bupropion.
Naltrexone is used for treating addiction, and bupropion is an effective antidepressant. Together, they can eliminate hunger pangs, uplift mood, and control cravings. In studies, this prescription weight loss drug was shown to double the number of test subjects who achieved their weight loss goals compared to a placebo. Potential side effects include dizziness, nausea, and constipation. As you might guess from the name, Phentermine is a type of amphetamine. It is a CNS stimulant that elevates heart rate and decreases appetite.
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